Nonfiber structural molecules are components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) that do not form fibers but still play essential roles in maintaining tissue integrity, providing support to cells, and regulating various cellular functions. Some of the primary nonfiber structural molecules include:
- Proteoglycans: Proteoglycans are large macromolecules consisting of a core protein and long chains of carbohydrates called glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). They contribute to the hydration, viscosity, and resistance to compression of the ECM. Proteoglycans also play a role in regulating the availability and activity of various signaling molecules. Examples of proteoglycans found in the ECM include aggrecan, decorin, and perlecan.
- Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs): GAGs are long chains of carbohydrates that can be found either attached to core proteins as part of proteoglycans or as free molecules in the ECM. They contribute to the hydration and viscosity of the ECM, helping to resist compressive forces. Common GAGs include chondroitin sulfate, keratan sulfate, and hyaluronic acid.
- Adhesion molecules: These molecules facilitate cell-to-cell and cell-to-ECM interactions, which are essential for maintaining tissue structure and function. Examples of adhesion molecules include integrins, cadherins, and selectins. Integrins are transmembrane proteins that mediate cell adhesion to the ECM and play a role in cell signaling, while cadherins are involved in cell-to-cell adhesion, and selectins participate in cell adhesion during inflammatory processes.
- Glycoproteins: Glycoproteins are proteins with attached carbohydrate chains that play a role in cell adhesion, cell signaling, and the organization of the ECM. Some glycoproteins do not form fibers but still contribute to the structural organization of the ECM. Examples include tenascin, which is involved in tissue repair and remodeling, and nidogen, which is essential for the formation of basement membranes.
These nonfiber structural molecules work together with fiber-forming molecules to maintain the integrity, function, and mechanical properties of tissues. Alterations or dysregulation of these molecules can lead to various diseases and disorders, such as connective tissue diseases, fibrosis, and cancer. Understanding the role and regulation of these nonfiber structural molecules is essential for the development of therapeutic strategies targeting tissue repair, regeneration, and disease progression.