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Proteoglycans are large macromolecules found in the extracellular matrix (ECM) and on the cell surface. They consist of a core protein and one or more long chains of carbohydrates called glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) covalently attached to the protein. Proteoglycans play a vital role in maintaining the structure and function of tissues by contributing to the hydration,…

Cell-matrix interactions are essential for maintaining tissue structure, function, and homeostasis. They are mediated by various molecules, including adhesion proteins, growth factors, cytokines, and extracellular matrix (ECM) components. The modification of cell-matrix interactions can impact cell behavior, such as adhesion, migration, proliferation, and differentiation, as well as tissue repair, remodeling, and inflammation. Some key ways…

Matricellular proteins are a group of non-structural extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins that do not contribute directly to the mechanical properties of the ECM but play critical roles in modulating cell behavior and function. These proteins interact with various cell surface receptors, growth factors, cytokines, and other ECM components to regulate cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, differentiation,…